Considers carved ivory mirror cases, or valves, owned by well-to-do lay women, and what they reveal about looking as a self-conscious activity. Imagery such as courtship and its related metaphors of pursuit and battle are examined in context of their parallels in literature. The majority of images show women with lowered eyes denoting chastity in accordance with male didactic literature. Notes instances of deviations from this where women are shown with active gazes, revealing the self-assertive potential of women's looking. ;